MODERATING EFFECTS OF ETHNIC IDENTITY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS ON SCHOOL SUSPENSIONS OF URBAN LATINO/A YOUTH

Latinos are the largest growing and overall youngest population in the US, in comparison to other ethnic groups. Nearly 40% of Hispanic youth were found to be living in poverty, the largest group of any minority. As of 2014, 20% of Hispanics had less than a high school education and fourteen percent had an educational attainment between ninth and tenth grades; indicating that they had begun a high school education but were unable to finish. Racial and ethnic disparities have also been found to exist within the justice system; Hispanics accounted for twenty-two percent of the prison population while only accounting for seventeen percent of the general population. Racial disproportionality in school discipline, particularly that of exclusionary punishment such as out-of-school suspensions, may account for differences in educational achievement and negative outcomes associated with these disparities noted to exist between minority groups and their white counterparts. Since the 1990s there has been an increase in use of zero-tolerance policies by school districts nationwide. Use of such policies, and passing of laws by various states mandating the referral to law enforcement for various school infractions, have facilitated the increase in the number of police officers used in schools. Researchers have noted a strong association between the increased use of zero-tolerance policies in school discipline, disproportionate suspension and expulsion rates, and increased use of the criminal justice system. The combined effects of ecological risk factors with school suspensions and arrests, have significantly predicted antisocial behaviors (behaviors warranting school discipline), more out-of-school suspensions, expulsions, and school drop-out than to reduce the likelihood of more disruptive behavior. Although Latino/a youth face a plethora of ecological risk within their communities, not all succumb to the same devastating outcomes. This study used resiliency theory as a framework to investigate whether ethnic identity served as a protective factor to moderate the relationship between ecological risk and out-of-school suspensions. Negative binomial regression analysis on a sample of 362 Latino/a adolescents, from two low-SES community high schools in the Midwest, revealed a statistically significant relationship between the total number of stressors and out-of-school suspensions; such that more reported stressors in 9th grade significantly predicted out-of-school suspension in 10th grade. Ethnic identity did not, however, moderate that relationship; but, stronger ethnic identity did serve to predict fewer out-of-school suspensions. A more sustainable approach to correcting youth behavior in schools is warranted

Global survey of development banks

Historically, development banks have been an important instrument of governments to promote economic growth by providing credit and a wide range of advisory and capacity building programs to households, small and medium enterprises, and even large private corporations, whose financial needs are not sufficiently served by private commercial banks or local capital markets. During the current financial crisis, most development banks in Latin America, followed by Asia, Africa, and Europe, have assumed a countercyclical role by scaling up their lending operations exactly when private banks experienced temporary difficulties in granting credit to the private sector. Despite the importance of development banks during crisis and non-crisis periods, little is known about them. This survey examines how development banks operate, what their policy mandates are, what financial services they offer, which type of clients they target, how they are regulated and supervised, what business models they have adopted, what governance framework they have, and what challenges they face. It also examines the countercyclical role played by development banks during the recent financial crisis. This survey is based on new data that have been collected from 90 national development banks in 61 countries.Banks&Banking Reform,Access to Finance,Debt Markets,Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress,Emerging Markets

Huge Avenues of Opportunities (With Some Potholes) Opened by the Very Small Things

In its incessant exploration of the cosmos into the cosmos, crossing the dimensionality barrier, science is living a unique moment with an unstoppable knowledge growth ranging from the subtle details of the immensity to the vastness of the very small. In the last aspect, progress is now incredible extremely rapid, and today, shape the matter at nanoscale to prepare engineered low dimensional systems (thin films, elongated nanostructures and nanocrystals and quantum dots) is an everyday reality common throughout the world. Nanoscopic objects with an increasing (and sometimes funny) variety of sizes and forms, including ..

The Optimum Communication Spanning Tree Problem : properties, models and algorithms

For a given cost matrix and a given communication requirement matrix, the OCSTP is defined as finding a spanning tree that minimizes the operational cost of the network. OCST can be used to design of more efficient communication and transportation networks, but appear also, as a subproblem, in hub location and sequence alignment problems. This thesis studies several mixed integer linear optimization formulations of the OCSTP and proposes a new one. Then, an efficient Branch & Cut algorithm derived from the Benders decomposition of one of such formulations is used to successfully solve medium-sized instances of the OCSTP. Additionally, two new combinatorial lower bounds, two new heuristic algorithms and a new family of spanning tree neighborhoods based on the Dandelion Code are presented and tested.Postprint (published version

Formal analysis of security models for mobile devices, virtualization platforms and domain name systems

En esta tesis investigamos la seguridad de aplicaciones de seguridad criticas, es decir aplicaciones en las cuales una falla podria producir consecuencias inaceptables. Consideramos tres areas: dispositivos moviles, plataformas de virtualizacion y sistemas de nombres de dominio. La plataforma Java Micro Edition define el Perfil para Dispositivos de Informacion Moviles (MIDP) para facilitar el desarrollo de aplicaciones para dispositivos moviles, como telefonos celulares y asistentes digitales personales. En este trabajo primero estudiamos y comparamos formalmente diversas variantes del modelo de seguridad especificado por MIDP para acceder a recursos sensibles de un dispositivo movil. Los hipervisores permiten que multiples sistemas operativos se ejecuten en un hardware compartido y ofrecen un medio para establecer mejoras de seguridad y flexibilidad de sistemas de software. En esta tesis formalizamos un modelo de hipervisor y establecemos (formalmente) que el hipervisor asegura propiedades de aislamiento entre los diferentes sistemas operativos de la plataforma, y que las solicitudes de estos sistemas son atendidas siempre. Demostramos tambien que las plataformas virtualizadas son transparentes, es decir, que un sistema operativo no puede distinguir si ejecuta solo en la plataforma o si lo hace junto con otros sistemas operativos. Las Extensiones de Seguridad para el Sistema de Nombres de Dominio (DNSSEC) constituyen un conjunto de especificaciones que proporcionan servicios de aseguramiento de autenticacion e integridad de origen de datos DNS. Finalmente, presentamos una especificaci´on minimalista de un modelo de DNSSEC que proporciona los fundamentos necesarios para formalmente establecer y verificar propiedades de seguridad relacionadas con la cadena de confianza del arbol de DNSSEC. Desarrollamos todas nuestras formalizaciones en el C´alculo de Construccion

Mounting a specific immune response increases energy expenditure of the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum (tuco-tuco): Implications for intraspecific and interspecific variation in immunological traits

It was recently hypothesised that specific induced defences, which require substantial time and resources and are mostly beneficial against repeated infections, are more likely to be favoured in 'slow-living-pace' species. Therefore, understanding how different types of immune defences might vary with life history requires knowledge of the costs and benefits of defence components. Studies that have explored the energetic costs of immunity in vertebrates have done so with a focus primarily on birds and less so on mammals, particularly surface-dwelling rodents. In this study, we evaluated whether an experimental induction of the immune system with a non-pathogenic antigen elevates the energetic expenditure of a subterranean rodent: Ctenomys talarum (tuco-tucos). In both seasons studied, a significant increase in oxygen consumption was verified in immunechallenged tuco-tucos injected with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) compared with control animals. The increase in oxygen consumption 10 days after the exposure to SRBC was lower for female tuco-tucos monitored in the breeding season compared with females in the non-breeding season. Interestingly, antibody titres of female tuco-tucos did not decrease during the breeding season. Our results add new insight into the role of other factors such as basal metabolic rate or degree of parasite exposure besides 'pace of life' in modulating the interspecific immunological variation observed in natural populations of mammals.Fil: Cutrera, Ana Paula. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Ecofisiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Zenuto, Roxana Rita. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Ecofisiología; ArgentinaFil: Luna, Facundo. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Ecofisiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Antenucci, Carlos Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Ecofisiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentin

Teoría social de la comunicación

Texto sobre el trabajo “Teoría social de la comunicación” realizado por Manuel Martín Serrano y su equipo de trabajo de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Se hace una reflexión sobre esta propuesta teórica que tiene por objeto la producción social de información pública y se hace mención del seminario realizado en el ITESO del 2 al 5 de marzo de 1987 que contó con la presencia de Manuel Martín Serrano.ITESO, A.C